1. Flow is the mental state
of operation in which a person performing an activity is fully immersed
in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and enjoyment in the
process of the activity. In essence, flow is characterized by complete
absorption in what one does. Proposed by Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the positive psychology concept has been widely referenced across a variety of fields. According to Csikszentmihalyi, flow is completely focused motivation. It is a single-minded immersion and represents perhaps the ultimate experience in harnessing the emotions in the service of performing and learning.
In flow, the emotions are not just contained and channeled, but
positive, energized, and aligned with the task at hand. To be caught in
the ennui of depression or the agitation of anxiety is to be barred from flow. The hallmark of flow is a feeling of spontaneous joy, even rapture, while performing a task although flow is also described (below) as a deep focus on nothing but the activity – not even oneself or one's emotions.
2. Overlearning is a pedagogical concept according to which newly acquired skills should be practiced well beyond the point of initial mastery, leading to automaticity. Once one has overlearned a task, one's skill level is higher than the challenge level for that task (see Control region in the graph).[1] The Yerkes–Dodson law predicts that overlearning can improve performance in states of high arousal. Overlearning has been found to “boost subsequent test performance”[4] and thus these strategies are used “frequently in education and training”[3] programs to allow students to retain large amounts of information in a short period of time that will be used shortly after.
3. In psychology, relaxation is the emotional state of low tension, in which there is an absence of arousal that could come from sources such as anger, anxiety, or fear.
Relaxation is a form of mild ecstasy coming from the frontal lobe of
the brain in which the backward cortex sends signals to the frontal
cortex via a mild sedative. Relaxation can be achieved through meditation, autogenics, and progressive muscle relaxation. Relaxation helps improve coping with stress.
Stress is the leading cause of mental problems and physical problems,
therefore feeling relaxed is beneficial for a persons health. When we
are stressed, the sympathetic nervous system is activated because we are in a fight-or-flight response mode, over time this could have negative effects on a human body.
4. Boredom is an emotional state experienced when an individual is left without anything in particular to do, and not interested in their surroundings.
Boredom has been defined by C. D. Fisher in terms of its central psychological processes: “an unpleasant, transient affective state in which the individual feels a pervasive lack of interest in and difficulty concentrating on the current activity.”[4] M. R. Leary and others describe boredom as “an affective experience associated with cognitive attentional processes.”[5] In positive psychology, boredom is described as a response to a moderate challenge for which the subject has more than enough skill.
5. Apathy (also called impassivity or perfunctoriness) is a state of indifference, or the suppression of emotions such as concern, excitement, motivation and passion.
An apathetic individual has an absence of interest in or concern about
emotional, social, spiritual, philosophical and/or physical life.
They may lack a sense of purpose or meaning in their life. He or she may also exhibit insensibility or sluggishness. In positive psychology,
apathy is described as a result of the individual feeling they do not
possess the level of skill required to confront a challenge (i.e.
"Flow"). It may also be a result of perceiving no challenge at all (e.g.
the challenge is irrelevant to them, or conversely, they have learned helplessness). In light of the insurmountable certainty of universal doom, apathy is the default mode of existential nihilism, and, as such, is not considered to be a pathological state by those who experience it.
6. Worry is thoughts, images and emotions of a negative nature in which mental attempts are made[vague] to avoid anticipated potential threats.[1] As an emotion it is experienced as anxiety
or concern about a real or imagined issue, usually personal issues such
as health or finances or broader ones such as environmental pollution
and social or technological change. Most people experience short-lived
periods of worry in their lives without incident; indeed, a moderate
amount of worrying may even have positive effects, if it prompts people
to take precautions (e.g., fastening their seat belt or buying fire insurance) or avoid risky behaviours (e.g., angering dangerous animals, or binge drinking).
7. Anxiety (also called angst or worry) is a subjective psychological and physiological state characterized by somatic, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components.[2] It is the displeasing feeling of fear and concern.[3] The root meaning of the word anxiety is 'to vex or trouble'; in either presence or absence of psychological stress, anxiety can create feelings of fear, worry, uneasiness, and dread.[4]
It is also associated with feelings of restlessness, fatigue,
concentration problems, and muscle tension. However, anxiety should not
be confused with fear, which is more of a dreaded feeling about
something which appears intimidating and can overcome an individual.[5] Anxiety is considered to be a normal reaction to a stressor.
It may help an individual to deal with a demanding situation by
prompting them to cope with it. However, when anxiety becomes
overwhelming and distressing to the sufferer, it may fall under the
psychiatric classification of an anxiety disorder.[6]
Anxiety may be confused with fear. However, fear evoked by a real
danger, while anxiety is worry or overreaction to a situation that is
only perceived as menacing.
8. Arousal is a physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli. It involves the activation of the reticular activating system in the brain stem, the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure and a condition of sensory alertness, mobility and readiness to respond.
There are many different neural systems involved in what is
collectively known as the arousal system. Four major systems originating
in the brainstem, with connections extending throughout the cortex, are
based on the brain's neurotransmitters, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. When these systems are in action, the receiving neural areas become sensitive and responsive to incoming signals.
Source of information for these definitions is wikipedia.com.
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